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U.S., Cuba, and The Bay of Pigs Essay - 2083 Words

Introduction Operation Zapata, or as it is more commonly known, the Bay of Pigs, was the failed invasion of Cuba by U.S. supported Cuban exiles. This was in response to military dictator, Fidel Castro’s military coup of Cuba in 1959. As Castro began to rapidly align his regime with the Soviet Union, the U.S. government felt compelled to interdict. History In 1959, Fidel Castro seized power in Cuba during an armed revolt against then dictator Fulgencio Batista. The US government was apprehensive of his relationship with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev and subsequent communist actions. After one year from seizing power, Castro expropriated $1 Billion in U.S. assets by nationalizing all U.S. owned businesses, including factories, casinos,†¦show more content†¦Planning/Preparation The initial decision to invade Cuba was made in March of 1960. President Eisenhower secretly approved a budget of 13 million dollars to fund the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) led training of a rebel Cuban force to overthrow the Castro regime. It was specified at this time that no U.S. military personnel were to be used in a combat status.3 This however was near the end of Eisenhower’s presidential term and he did not have time to see the plan to fruition. The CIA briefed newly elected President Kennedy shortly before taking office in January of 1961.4 Kennedy agreed with the CIA’s threat assessment and continued the presidential support for the invasion of Cuba. While the CIA was supporting a Cuban led invasion, the hawks in the President’s cabinet were entertaining the idea of a full U.S. military invasion. One of the presidential advisors, General David M. Shoup, then commandant of the Marine Corps, created a remarkable visual aid in response to this thinking. First he took an overlay of Cuba and placed it over the United States. It was surprising for the politicians and cabinet members who viewed Cuba’s almost 800 mile width put into context. He then took another overlay with a red dot and placed it over the map of Cuba. He explained that the red dot represented the pacific island of Tarawa Atoll. Tarawa was the first American Offensive in the pacific region of WWII. General ShoupShow MoreRelatedThe Bay of Pigs Essay1441 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bay of Pigs â€Å"First, I want to say that there will not be, under any conditions, an intervention in Cuba by the United States Armed Forces. This government will do everything it possibly can, I think it can meet its responsibilities, to make sure that there are no Americans involved in any actions inside Cuba†¦ The basic issue in Cuba is not one between the United States and Cuba. It is between the Cubans themselves.† These words were spoken by President John F. Kennedy at a press conferenceRead MoreBay of Pigs1627 Words   |  7 Pageswill do a case study on the Bay of Pigs and why the United States tried to conduct this attack. I will find out what intelligence led to this invasion attempt as well as what intelligence failures were made which resulted in the failure of the invasion. I will discuss what impact the Bay of Pigs had on the United States Intelligence community and what changes was made. I will end this paper with any findings I have concluded to if the failure has any affect on how the U.S. conducts intelligence inRead MoreBay of Pigs: Historiography845 Words   |  4 PagesThe Bay of Pigs On April, 17, 1961 the Bay of Pigs, the biggest foreign affairs disaster in U.S. history, occurred. At first the operation was supported but as the years went by the feelings of it changed, showing mostly in the policy changes of the some of the presidents over the next 49 years. June 24 1961 reporter Stewart Alsop published an article in the Saturday Evening Post titled â€Å"The Lessons of the Cuban Disaster.† In this article Alsop describes what happened at the Bay of Pigs andRead MoreLessons Learned Through History Are The Foundation For Not Repeating Previous Mistakes1447 Words   |  6 Pagesthe foundation for not repeating previous mistakes. The U.S. military and governments greatest success stems from their use of lessons learned and adapting to the various threats around the globe. The spread of communism following the end of World War II (WWII) and ensuing turmoil throughout Latin America, set the stage for mistakes and blunders that occurred during the late 1950s and 1960s. One key mistake is the ill-fated Bay of Pigs Invasion on 15 April 1961 and the second and third order effectsRead MoreFidel Castro And The Cuban Revolution943 Words   |  4 Pagesathletics too. Later on he went to law school where he became very well known and also found a passion for politics. He wasn’t famous for doing phenomenal in school, but for leading the Cuban Revolution, Bay of Pigs Invasion, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Cuban Revolution was a revolt against the U.S.-backed Cuban President put together by no other than Fidel Castro himself. This revolution against President Fulgencio Batista started July 1953. This went on for about six years â€Å"until the rebels finallyRead MoreThe Bay of Pigs Invasion1313 Words   |  5 PagesThe Bay of Pigs Invasion Background The Bay of Pigs invasion of April, 1961 is considered to be one of the unsuccessful covert military invasions of the 20th century. In 1959, the Cuban revolutionist Fidel Castro overthrew the Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista through an armed conflict that lasted nearly five and a half years. Castro and his comrades were Socialists and they believed a Communist social system would better suit their nee. In order to fulfill this agenda, the new Cuban governmentRead MoreFrom The Dropping Of The Atomic Bombs On Japan In 19451498 Words   |  6 Pagesof containment to curb the spread of Soviet communism throughout the world. The U.S. spent billions of dollars during the Cold War period on foreign policies of containment, but is criticized that these strategies were ineffective in containing the spread of communism. In 1946, The Long Telegram, put forth by the father of the containment theory, George F. Kennan, stated that in order to defeat Soviet communism the U.S. must to thwart the spr ead of communism throughout the world. Therefore, the successRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis : Background1620 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cuban Missile Crisis Background The Cuban missile Crisis was an intense Time for the U.S, Cuba and Russia at this time of the period. The cold War was fought into two groups the Western Bloc (The united states and NATO the allies and other countries.) The Nato also known as North Atlantic Alliance. NATO was intergovernmental military alliance compacted based by the North Atlantic Treaty signed on 4, 1949. The NATO a system of defense and if a country that was being attack by another country orRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis Was A Twenty Day Crisis923 Words   |  4 Pagesoccurred on October 14, 1962 and ended on October 28, 1962. The crisis involved the placement of nuclear missiles in Cuba by the Soviet Union and the caused concern for the United States due to the closeness of Cuba. This placement of nuclear missiles in Cuba was due to the failed Bay of Pigs fiasco and Cuba’s need for protection against the United States invading in the future. The Bay of Pigs was a failed mission of the United States th at happened in April of 1961. The United States wanted to overthrowRead MoreFidel Castro Is Alive1443 Words   |  6 Pages Upon his release, Castro went to Mexico where he spent the next year organizing the 26th of July Movement, which was based on the date of the failed Santiago de Cuba barracks attack. On December 2, 1956, Castro and the rest his fellow rebels of the 26th of July Movement landed on Cuban soil with the intention of starting a revolution. They were only met with the welcome of heavy Batista defenses, causing nearly everyone in the Movement to be killed. Barely anyone escaped, and those who did which

Public Policy Formulation and Implementation free essay sample

Gladys Moore Week 2 Assignment Public Policy Formation and Implementation-PA582 March 10, 2011 In the last two weeks the Dooly County School System is faced with uncertainty in planning for the 2011-2012 school year, along with other systems in the state of Georgia. The issue involves one of the latest proposals by Governor Nathan Deal of cutting Georgia Pre-K and Hope Scholarship programs. Governor Deal has proposed these major changes because both programs are paid for with proceeds from the Georgia Lottery, which is not bringing in revenues as it once has nor is it keeping up with the pace with the two programs expenses.The governor plans to scale back on the number of hours a Pre-K student attends school, from 6. 5 hours a day to 4 hours a day. Not only does this major change affect the families of working parents, the lives of teachers and paraprofessional will also be affected. Teacher’s and Paraprofessional’s salaries will drop 30 percent, for those who decide to remain working at the Pre-K level, and working parents will have to pay for additional child-care. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Policy Formulation and Implementation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In regards to the HOPE scholarship, the governor proposal is to cut scholarships for potentially 180,000 of Georgia’s 200,000 HOPE scholars to 90 percent of current tuition levels.However a move that has current and future students mulling their finances, and some feeling short changed. If the cuts are passed, a HOPE recipient would be responsible for to pay hundreds of dollars to cover tuition as well as mandatory fees which are presently being paid by the HOPE scholarship. For example, a HOPE scholar at the University of Georgia would have to pay $353. 00 out-of-pocket to cover a semester’s tuition based on today’s rates. Additionally, that same student would have to pay more than $400. 0 in mandatory fees per semester for services such as transportation, health care and student activities. It doesn’t stop here, tuition and fees next academic year could increase, which would increase even further what students would be required to pay. Governor’s Deal proposal to make such major changes has played a significant role into making such issues a great topic in Georgia because if both proposals are passed many lives will be affected. Since Deal’s proposal he has had some push back from lawmakers, advocacy groups and local school superintendents.Local superintendents are concerned about how possible changes to the lottery-funded education programs will affect their students. According to Crisp Superintendent Jay Brinson, â€Å"There are 300 kids in Pre-K in their county if cuts are made parents will have to find private daycare for the remainder of the day, and there just aren’t as many daycare facilities as there used to be. † Georgia Pre-K cutting retention rates, study shows Georgia lottery-funded pre-k program is paying off, with fewer students being retain in a grade, fewer students dropping out of school and landing up in special education classes. According to the nonprofit Southern Education Foundation, Inc. on average, 10,000 fewer students are having to repeat the same grade each year. The report also estimates the net savings at $35. 6 million in 2010 and an additional $212. 9 million over the next six calendar years. According to Governor Nathan Deal State to State Address on January 12, 2011 he stated, â€Å"My budgets reflect my commitment to preserving the HOPE Program. Since its creation, it has served over 1. 2 million students and provided benefits totaling more than 5 billion dollars.It has also established the first state universal program for Pre-Kindergarten that has served over 1 million children. Over the past several years, HOPE pays out more than the lottery brings in. In FY 2010, over $150 million of reserve funds were spent. In FY 2011, it is estimated that over $300 million of reserves will be needed and for FY 2012, over $400 million of reserve funds will be needed. If this pattern is not preserved by FY 2013 all of the reserves will have been expended and HOPE cannot meet its obligations. If we are to save HOPE we must make programmatic changes during this legislative session. I am ready and your leadership has indicated they are ready to make those changes. My 2012 budget does not authorize HOPE expenditures beyond what the lottery produces; therefore, we must act now to maintain the Georgia jewel known as HOPE. Therefore, I feel that his proposal to make such changes are related to the United States economic as well as the political system because in 1968   under the patronage of Waldo, some young scholars gathered to critique American public   administration for ignoring values and social   equity and accepting too readily the status quo.This movement was known as the New Public Administration. Governor Deal’s position as a public administration involves activity that is related with politics and policy making. Therefore, his Political approach was used to make such issues a hot topic which involved various agencies and stakeholders within the surrounding communities in Georgia such as parents, students, superintendents, teachers, advocacy groups and providers. Collaboration among the governor and stakeholders are essential in order to discuss the various options that surround the issues.

The Sun Also Rises4 Essay Example For Students

The Sun Also Rises4 Essay EErnest Hemingway uses a male perspective to reflect his narrative throughout The Sun Also Rises. For the most part this novel centers on masculinity and the perfect male hero of the after-war period. Even though it is hard to see the Hemingway hero in the protagonist alone, the supporting characters bring out what Hemingway considers the mans man qualities. LLady Brett Ashley, the primary reason for the rivalry between three ex-patriots, Jake Barnes; Robert Cohn; Mike Campbell; and a bull-fighter, Pedro Romero. This woman brings out the true masculinity in every man she meets. In fact, her four love interests demonstrate Hemingways standard definition of a man and masculinity. She indulges in her passion for sex and control, she turns men into swine (Hemingway 144), and Cohn calls her Circe a Greek goddess from the stories of Odyssey. Each man Brett has a relationship with in the novel possesses distinct qualities that enable Hemingway to explore what it is to be truly a man. The Hemingway hero thus is presented as a man of action; of self-discipline and of self-reliance; and of strength and courage to confront all weaknesses, fears, failures, and even death. We will write a custom essay on The Sun Also Rises4 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Some characters in the novel are emasculated, but still carry great male traits. Jake is one of them. He was wounded in the World War I and is physically impotent as a result. Despite his mental struggle with society, Jake accomplishes successfully Hemingways quest to present the reader with attributes of an absolute man. Jakes way to present himself to the world as well as his actions are very masculine, yet a reader can feel his sensitivity throughout the story. When he went to a cathedral in Bayonne he started to pray:I knelt and started to pray and prayed for everybody I thought of, Brett andMike and Bill and Robert Cohn and myself, and all the bull-fighters,separately for the ones I liked, and lumping all the rest, then I prayed formyself again, and while I was praying for myself I found I was getting sleepy,so I prayed that the bull-fights would be good, and that it would be a finefiesta, and that we would get some fishing (Hemingway 97). In his prayer alone, Jake is portrayed as both manly and caring individual. He prays for his close friends and does not forget to ask for success for his hobbies. It is ironic how Hemingway chose Jake to be impotent because he possesses important guy qualities. Another impaired individual of the story is Robert Cohn. His wound is different from everybody elses because he never went into the war. He struggles with the fact that he is considered as an outsider and part of the old generation. Despite the fact that Cohn is alienated from the group, he has an affair with Brett and is proud of what happened between them in San Sebastian. He believes that this conquest makes him a hero. He over-exaggerates the significance of their affair and does not understand that Brett simply used him and their brief relationship has no meaning to her. When Cohn is around Brett he acts like a schoolboy in love, which in fact he is, head over heels. Cohn is fascinated by Brett: Theres a certain quality about her, a certain fineness. She seems to be absolutely fine and straight (Hemingway 38). Roberts foolish behavior around Brett blinds him; he doesnt see the fact that Brett is not interested in him and doesnt want him around. Cohns persistence cannot withstand the competition and soon Romero gains Bretts affection. Roberts old boxing skills, a defense mechanism he once used in college, can no longer pull him out of rough situations. Cohn fails to show strength and courage needed to face circumstances like a man and loses a short fight he has with Romero. Brett falls madly in love with the young bullfighter who is full of afecion for life. Pedro is the second important man in Bretts love life, after Jake. He can also cause Brett to lose her self-control, something Jake could only accomplish before: I cant help it. Im a goner now, anyway. Dont you see the difference? Ive got to do something. Ive got to do something I really want to do. Ive lost my self-respect (Hemingway 183). In contrast, Pedro maintains his self-control. During his first encounter with Brett He felt there was something between them. He must have felt it when Brett gave him her hand. He was being very careful (Hemingway 185). Romero repres ents a new exciting hero of the moment. He is confident and has a strong will, something he demonstrated in the fight with Cohn. That night . . . hed been knocked down about fifteen times, and he wanted to fight some more. Brett couldnt hold him, and he got up (Hemingway 202). .uabe5d8039885c5c7ab4a11d9a48fc397 , .uabe5d8039885c5c7ab4a11d9a48fc397 .postImageUrl , .uabe5d8039885c5c7ab4a11d9a48fc397 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uabe5d8039885c5c7ab4a11d9a48fc397 , .uabe5d8039885c5c7ab4a11d9a48fc397:hover , .uabe5d8039885c5c7ab4a11d9a48fc397:visited , .uabe5d8039885c5c7ab4a11d9a48fc397:active { border:0!important; } .uabe5d8039885c5c7ab4a11d9a48fc397 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uabe5d8039885c5c7ab4a11d9a48fc397 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uabe5d8039885c5c7ab4a11d9a48fc397:active , .uabe5d8039885c5c7ab4a11d9a48fc397:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uabe5d8039885c5c7ab4a11d9a48fc397 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uabe5d8039885c5c7ab4a11d9a48fc397 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uabe5d8039885c5c7ab4a11d9a48fc397 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uabe5d8039885c5c7ab4a11d9a48fc397 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uabe5d8039885c5c7ab4a11d9a48fc397:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uabe5d8039885c5c7ab4a11d9a48fc397 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uabe5d8039885c5c7ab4a11d9a48fc397 .uabe5d8039885c5c7ab4a11d9a48fc397-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uabe5d8039885c5c7ab4a11d9a48fc397:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: At a moments thought we might say yes â€Å" yes it is a caring society and yes I do love my neighbour EssayBretts only object of affection that is not dependent on her tenderness is Mike. Like three other admirers, Mike appreciates his fiances beauty, calling her lovely piece with a lovely nose (Hemingway 79). Furthermore, Mike exhibits no self-control when he becomes drunk, making insensitive statements that show his lack of regard for Brett and others. He cannot contemplate Bretts complexities and her relationships. He often makes disrespectful comments, such as: Bretts got a bull-fighter. She had a Jew named Cohn, but he turned out badly. Bretts got a bull-fighter. A beautiful, bloody bull-fighter Hemingway 206-7). Mike is seen as . . . so damned nice and . . . so awful by Brett, her sort of thing (Hemingway 243). Mike betrays Hemingways ideal man. Although he is self-reliant, Mike possesses little self-control or dignity. Lastly, the only main character that does not have a soft spot for Brett is Jakes good friend, Bill Gorton. In todays world, Bill could be seen as a real testosterone-filled-to-the-full-capacity individual. All he mainly cares about is partying, fishing, bull fighting, in other words Bills primary mission is to have fun. He is always thinks about drinks, even when him and Jake went fishing, he didnt forget to tell Jake to put . . . the wine in the spring up the rod (Hemingway 118) so that the wine will be cooled down for they lunch. He also asked Jake for a wine leather-bottle during the fiesta. Bill could be considered as a group-clown, making sarcastic remarks such as You werent bored, were you? when he addressed Cohn after a bull-fight Cohn said was going to bore him. He is the odd one, in a sense. When hes watching a bull-fight, he knows what to look at and what details are not important. Bill knows that the horses part is not important, a spectator needs to focus on the bulls. B ill is similar to a tour guide. He leads the characters through their problems and concerns. Bill holds the neutral position, like many males, he likes to stay out of other peoples business. Jakes true weakness is the impotence of his will and the supposed hero of the novel is flawed due to his failure to adhere to what he believes is right and wrong. Hemingway betrays larger socio-cultural assumptions about men and masculinity and questions the conventional means in which they are defined in his society. Bibliography: